What aspect of the Earth does geology primarily study?

Geology is primarily concerned with understanding the history and composition of the Earth, including its materials, structures, and the processes that have shaped it over time. This encompasses studying rocks, minerals, and fossils to learn about Earth's formation, its evolution, and the various environmental and biological changes that have occurred throughout its history. By examining geological features and the distribution of different materials, geologists can interpret past climates, geological events, and the development of life on Earth. This comprehensive approach allows geologists to contribute to our understanding of Earth's past and predict future changes.

While the other options touch on important aspects of Earth's systems—such as the impact of humans on the environment, animal behavior, and climate change—they do not capture the primary focus of geology, which is centered on the Earth's physical characteristics and its geological history.