Which part of the brain controls involuntary actions such as breathing and swallowing?

The medulla is the part of the brain responsible for controlling involuntary actions, such as breathing, heart rate, and swallowing. This region is located in the brainstem, which connects the brain to the spinal cord and is crucial for regulating many autonomic functions essential for survival.

In terms of its structure and function, the medulla contains vital centers that monitor and regulate these automatic processes without conscious thought. For instance, when carbon dioxide levels in the blood rise, the medulla signals the body to increase breathing rate to restore balance. Its role is integral to maintaining homeostasis in the body, allowing various systems to function smoothly without the need for conscious oversight.

Other areas of the brain, such as the cerebellum, hypothalamus, and cerebrum, have distinct functions not centered around these involuntary actions. The cerebellum primarily coordinates voluntary movements and balance, the hypothalamus is involved in maintaining homeostasis through regulation of hormones and various bodily functions, and the cerebrum is associated with higher brain functions such as thought, action, and sensory processing.